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access-control software Allows user access according to the user's needs. Some users can only open files that are related to their work. Some users are allowed read-only access to files they can see but not change. Unit 11

accounting and financial management software: Software especially designed for financial and accounting tasks. The software sets up accounts, keeps track of money flow between accounts, records transactions, adjusts balances in accounts, provides an audit trail, automates routine tasks such as check writing, and produces reports. Unit 6

active badge: A microprocessor-controlled ID badge that broadcasts infrared identification codes every 15 seconds. The badge's code is picked up by a nearby network receiver and transmitted back to a badge- location database that is constantly updated. Used as a security device. Unit 11; Unit 16

active cell: The cell containing the cursor. Unit 6

address: In a spreadsheet, the location of a cell, determined by row number and column number. Unit 6

agent: A software program designed to be managed rather than manipulated. An intelligent agent can ask questions, respond to commands, pay attention to its user's work patterns, serve as a guide and a coach, take on its owner's goals, and use reasoning to fabricate goals of its own. Unit 16

AL (artificial intelligence): The field of computer science devoted to making computers perceive, reason, and act in ways that have, until now, been reserved for human beings. Unit 13

algorithm: A set of step-by-step instructions that, when completed, solves a problem. Unit 4; Unit 12

alpha testing: Initial testing of a system. Unit 12

Amplitude: The amount of variety in a signal. Commonly thought of as the height of a wave. American Standard Code for Information Interexchange (ASCII): A computer language used to convert letters, numbers, and control codes into a digital code understood by most computers.

Analog: A signal that is received in the same form in which it is transmitted, while the amplitude and frequency may vary.

analog signal: A continuous wave. Unit 9

Analytical Engine: The first computer, conceived by Charles Babbage. Programmed with punch cards, it included functions of input, output, processing, and storage. Unit 1

Animation: Creating motion from still pictures. Unit 7

applet: A cross-platform software component. Unit 12

application program (application): Software tool that allows a computer to be used for specific purposes. Unit 1

application suite (office suite): Software bundle containing several application programs that are also sold as separate programs. Unit 4

architecture: Design that determines how individual components of the CPU are put together on the chip. Unit 2

artificial intelligence: (Al) The field of computer science devoted to making computers perceive, reason, and act in ways that have, until now, been reserved for human beings. Unit 13

artificial life: Synthetic organisms that act like natural living systems. Unit 16

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange: A code that represents characters as 8-bit codes. Allows the binary computer to work with letters, digits, and special characters. Unit 2

Assembler: Translates assembly-language instructions into machine-language instructions. Unit 12

assembly language: A language that is functionally equivalent to machine language but is easier to read, write, and understand. Programmers use alphabetic codes that correspond to the machine's numeric instructions. Unit 12

asynchronous communication: Delayed communication, such as that used for newsgroups and mailing lists, when the sender and the recipients don't have to be logged in at the same time. Unit 10

asynchronous teleconference: An on-line meeting between two or more people in which participants type, post, and read messages at their convenience. Unit 9

attachment (email): A way to send formatted word processor documents, pictures, and other multimedia files via email. The files usually need to be temporarily converted to ASCII using an encoding scheme before they can be sent through email. Unit 10

audio digitizer: Captures a sound and stores it as a data file on a disk. Unit 7

audit-control software: Monitors and records computer transactions as they happen so auditors can trace and identify suspicious computer activity after the fact. Unit 11

authoring tool: Tools for creating multimedia presentations. Unit 15

automated factory: A factory that depends on robots for mechanical tasks and/or computers for tracking inventory, timing the delivery of parts, controlling the quality of production, and other tasks. Unit 14

automated office: An office that uses computers extensively for accomplishing tasks. Unit 14

automatic footnoting: Automatically placing footnotes where they belong on the page. Unit 5

automatic hyphenation: Automatically dividing long words that fall at the ends of lines. Unit 5

automatic link: A link between worksheets so that a change in one worksheet is reflected in the other. Unit 6

automatic recalculation: A spreadsheet capabiliry that allows for easy correction of errors and makes it easy to try out different values while searching for solutions. Unit 6

automatic speech recognition: Systems that use pattern recognition techniques to analyze digitized voice input. Unit 13

automatic translation: A program that would automatically translate one human language into another. Unit 13

automation: The practice of replacing jobs performed by humans with jobs performed by computers and robots. Unit 14

autonomous system: A complex system that can assume almost complete responsibility for a task without human input, verification, or decision making. Unit 11

Asynchronous: Communication in which interaction between parties does not take place simultaneously.

Asynchronous Transmission Mode (ATM): A method of sending data in irregular time intervals using a code such as ASCII. ATM allows most modern computers to communicate with one another easily.

Audio Bridge: A device used in audioconferencing that connects multiple telephone lines. Audioconferencing: Voice only connection of more than two sites using standard telephone lines.

Backbone: A primary communication path connecting multiple users.

backup: Saving data, especially for data recovery. Many systems automatically backup data and software onto disks or rapes. Unit 11

Band: A range of frequencies between defined upper and lower limits.

Bandwidth: Information carrying capacity of a communication channel.

bandwidth: The quantity of information that can be transmitted through a communication medium in a given amount of rime. Unit 9

bar chart: A chart that shows relative values with bars, appropriate when data falls into a few categories. Unit 6

bar-code reader: A reading tool that uses light to read universal product codes, inventory codes, and other codes created out of patterns of variable-width bars. Unit 3

batch processing: Accumulating transactions and feeding them into a computer in large batches. Unit 8

BBS (bulletin board system): An on-line version of the bulletin board. A computer receives, organizes, and posts messages in appropriate categories automatically. A user connects to the BBS by dialing in with a modem. Unit 9

beta testing: Testing of almost-finished software by potential users. Unit 12

binary: A choice of two values, such as yes and no or zero and one. Unit 2

Biometrics: Measurements of individual body characteristics, such as a voice print or fingerprint; sometimes used in computer security. Unit 11

Bit: Binary digit. The smallest unit of information. A bit can have two values. Unit 2

bit depth (color depth): The number of bits devoted to each pixel. Unit 7

bit-mapped (raster) graphics: Painting programs create bitmapped graphics that are, to the computer, simple maps showing how the pixels on the screen should be represented. Unit 7

bits-per-second (bps): The transmission speed of a modem. Unit 9

booting: Loading the non-ROM part of the operating system into memory. Unit 4

Bot: A software robot that exhibits many of the characteristics of an agent. Unit 16

Bps: (bits-per-second) The transmission speed of a modem. Unit 9

Browse: Looking through database records to find information. Unit 8

Browser: Software that allows you to find and see information on the Internet.

Bug: An error in programming. Unit 4 bullet charts Graphical elements, such as drawings and tables, integrated into a series of charts that list the main points of a presentation. Unit 7

bulletin board system (BBS): An on-line version of the bulletin board. A computer receives, organizes, and posts messages in appropriate categories automatically. A user connects to the BBS by dialing in with a modem. Unit 9

bus: Group of wires on a circuit board. Information travels between components through a bus. Unit 2

button: A hot spot on a screen that responds to mouse clicks. A button can be programmed to perform one of many tasks, such as opening a dialog box or launching an application. Unit 7

byte: Grouping of 8 bits. Unit 2

CAD (computer-aided design): The use of computers to design products. Unit 7

CAl (computer-aided instruction): Software programs for reaching that combine drill-and-practice software and tutorial software. Unit 15

CAM (computer-aided manufacturing): When the design of a product is completed, the numbers are fed to a program that controls the manufacturing of parts. For electronic parts the design translates directly into a template for etching circuits onto chips. Unit 7

camera-ready: Typeset-quality pages, ready to be photographed and printed. Unit 5

CASE tools: Computer-assisted software engineering tools. Allow analysts and programmers to automate many of the steps involved in turning design specifications into programs.Unit 12

Cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor: A television-style monitor that is the standard for desktop computers. Unit 3

CD-R Compact disk&endash;recordable: An optical disk on which you can write information, but you cannot remove it. Unit 3

CD-ROM Compact disc&endash;read only memory: An optical disk with read-only memory. Unit 3

CD-RW Compact disk&endash;rewritable: An optical disk that allows writing, erasing, and rewriting. Unit 3

Cell: The intersection of a row and a column on the grid of a spreadsheet. Unit 6

centralized database: A database housed in a mainframe compures accessible only to information-processing personnel. Unit 8

central processing unit (CPU): Part of the computer that processes information, performs arithmetic calculations, and makes basic decisions based on information values. Unit 2

channel: The smallest subdivision of a circuit, usually with a path in only one direction.

character-based interface: A user interface based on characters rather than graphics. Unit 4

CLM (computer-integrated manufacturing): The combination of CAD and CAM. Unit 7

circuit board: Houses the CPU, along with other chips and electronic components, in the typical desktop computer. Unit 2

click: To press a button on a mouse. Unit 3

client/server database: Client programs in desktop computers send information requests through a network to server databases on mainframes, minicomputers, or desktop computers; the servers process queries and send the requested data back to the client. Unit 8

client/server model: For a local area network, a hierarchical model in which one or more computers act as dedicated servers and all the remaining computers act as clients. The server fills requests from clients for data and other resources. Unit 9

client/server model: For Internet applications, a client program asks for information, and a server program fields the request and provides the requested information from databases and documents. The client might reside on a personal computer or the host computer, and the server might reside on the same host computer or another host computer elsewhere on the network. Unit 10

clip art: Predrawn images that you can legally cut out and paste into your own pictures or posters. Unit 7

clipboard: A special portion of memory for temporarily holding information for later use. Unit 5

codec (COder/DECoder): Device used to convert analog signals to digital signals for transmission and reconvert signals upon reception at the remote site while allowing for the signal to be compressed for less expensive transmission.

coding: Writing a program from an algorithm. Unit 12 color depth (bit depth) The number of bits devoted to each pixel. Unit 7

columns: Along with rows, makes up the grid of a spreadsheet. Unit 6

command-line interface: User interface that requires the user to type commands on a command line in order to communicate with the operating system. Unit 4

communication software: Software that allows computers to interact with each other. Unit 9

communications satellite: Satellites that match the earth's rotation so they can hang in a stationary position relative to the spinning planet below. Unit 9

compatibility: The ability of a software program to run on a specific computer system. Unit 4

compatible: The ability of software written for one processor to work with another processor. Unit 2

compiler: A translator program that compiles a complete translation of a program in a high-level computer language before the program is run for the first time. Unit 4; Unit 12

component software: Allows users to construct small custom applications from software components. Unit 12

compressed Video: When video signals are downsized to allow travel along a smaller carrier.

compression: Reducing the amount of visual information sent in a signal by only transmitting changes in action.

compression: Making files smaller using special encoding schemes. Fjle compression saves storage space on disk and saves transmission time when files are transferred through networks. Unit 10

computed field: In a database, a field containing formulas similar to spreadsheet formulas; they display values calculated from values in other numeric fields. Unit 8

Computer-Aided Design (CAD): The use of computers to design products. Unit 7

Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI): Software programs for teaching that combine drill-and-practice software and tutorial software. Unit 15

Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM): When the design of a product is completed, the numbers are fed to a program that controls the manufacturing of parts. For electronic parts the design translates directly into a template for etching circuits onto chips. Unit 7

Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI): Teaching process in which a computer is utilized to enhance the learning environment by assisting students in gaining mastery over a specific skill.

computer architecture: Deals with the way hardware and software work together. Unit 12

computer crime: Any crime accomplished through knowledge or use of computer technology. Unit 11

computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM): The combination of CAD and CAM. Unit 7

computer monitoring: Using computer technology to track, record, and evaluate worker performance, often without the knowledge of the worker. Unit 14

computer science: Computer sciences focus on the process of computing through several areas of specialization, including theory, algorithms, data structures, programming concepts and languages, computer architecture, management information systems, artificial intelligence, and software engineering. Unit 12

computer security: Protecting computer systems and the information they contain against unwanted access, damage, modification, or destruction. Unit 11

concurrent processing: A large computer working on several jobs at the same time. The computer uses multiple CPUs to process jobs simultaneously. Unit 4

console: In spreadsheet software, the long window above the worksheet where typing appears. Unit 6

control structure: Logical structures that control the order in which instructions are carried out. Unit 12

copying text: Copying text from one part of a document and duplicating it in another section of the document or in a different document. Unit 5

copy-protected software: Physically protecting a disk from being copied. Unit 4

copyrighted software: Legal protection against duplicating software for distribution to others. Unit 4

courseware: Educational software. Unit 15

CPU (central processing unit): Part of the computer that processes information, performs arithmetic calculations, and makes basic decisions based on information values. Unit 2

CRT (cathode ray tube) monitor: A television-style monitor that is the standard for desktop computers. Unit 3

current cell: The cell containing the cursor. Unit 6

cursor: A line or rectangle, sometimes flashing, that indicates your location on the screen or in a document. Unit 3;

custom application: An application programmed for a specific client. Unit 4

cut-and-paste: Copying or deleting text from one point and pasting it into another point in the document. Unit 5

cyberspace: A term used to describe the Internet and other networks, especially the virtual communities that form on them. First coined by William Gibson in his novel Neuromancer, it describes the nebulous place where humans interact over computer networks.. Unit 10

data: Information in a form that the computer can read. Unit 1

database: A collection of information stored in an organized form in a computer. Unit 8

database management system (DBMS): A program or system of programs that can manipulate data in a large collection of files (the database), cross-referencing between files as needed. Unit 8

database program: A software tool for organizing the storage and retrieval of the information in a database. Unit 8

data compression: Reduces the size of a data file so it can be stored in a smaller space. Unit 7

data structure: Software construct that determines the logical structure of data. Data structures range from simple numeric lists and tables (arrays) to complex relations at the core of databases. Unit 12

data warehouse: An integrated collection of corporate data stored in one location. Unit 8

DBMS (database management system): A program or system of programs that can manipulate data in a large collection of files (the database), cross-referencing between files as needed. Unit 8

decision support system (DSS): A computer system that supports managers in decision-making tasks. Unit 14 dedicated (special-purpose) computer Computer that performs specific tasks, such as controlling temperature and humidity in an office building. Unit 1

dedicated (direct) connection: A dedicated, direct connection to the Internet through a LAN, with the computer having its own IP address. Unit 10

deleting text: Removing text from a document. Unit 5 de-skilling Transforming a job, when it is automated, so that it requires less skill. Unit 14

desktop: A visual representation of a desktop in a graphical user interface where the user performs tasks. Unit 4

desktop publishing (DTP): Small, affordable, easy-to-use computer tools that accomplish the bulk of the production process for producing publications. The system usually includes a computer with graphical user interface, desktop publishing software, and a high-resolution printer. Unit 5

desktop videoconferencing: Videoconferencing on a personal computer.

dialog box: In a graphical user interface, a box that allows the user to communicate with the computer. Unit 4

dial-up terminal emulation: Allows a temporary connection to an Internet host, via a standard serial line connection, using a modem, standard telephone lines, and terminal emulation software. Unit 10

dial-up teleconference: Using public telephone lines for communications links among various locations.

digital: An electrical signal that varies in discrete steps in voltage, frequency, amplitude, locations, etc.. Digital signals can be transmitted faster and more accurately than analog signals. Unit 2

digital camera: Captures images that a regular camera does, but stores bit patterns on disks or other digital storage media instead of using film. Unit 3

digital cash: A system for purchasing goods and services on the Internet without using credit cards. Unit 1 0

digital image processing software: Allows the user to manipulate photographs and other high-resolution images. Unit 7

digital signal: A stream of bits. Unit 9

digital video: Video that is reduced to a series of numbers and can be edited, stored, and played back without any loss of quality. Unit 7

Digital Video Interactive (DVI): A format for recording digital video onto compact disc allowing for compression and full motion video.

digitize: Converting information into a digital form that can be stored in the computer's memory. Unit 3

digitized sound: Sounds recorded and stored in a computer. Computers can play back these sounds. Unit 13

digitized speech: Speech recorded and stored in a computer. Computers can play back the speech. Unit 13

direct (dedicated) connection: A dedicated, direct connection to the Internet through a LAN, with the computer having its own IP address. Unit 10

directory: A group of files. Unit 4

disinfectant (vaccine) program: A program designed to search for viruses, notify users when they're found, and remove them from infected disks or files. Unit 11

diskette (floppy disk): A small, magnetically sensitive, flexible plastic wafer housed in a plastic case, used as a storage device. Unit 3

disk drive: Device used to retrieve information from a magnetic disk, and to transfer data to it. Unit 3

distance education: The process of providing instruction when students and instructors are separated by physical distance and technology, often in tandem with face-to-face communication, is used to bridge the gap.

distance learning: The desired outcome of distance education that uses technology to extend the educational process beyond the walls of the school. Unit 15

distributed computing: Integrating all kinds of computers, from mainframes to PCs, into a single, seamless system. Unit 14

distributed database: Data strewn out across networks on several different computers. Unit 8

document: A file created with an application. Unit 4

documentation: Printed instructions for installing and using software. Unit 4

dot-matrix printer: An impact printer that uses pinpoint-sized hammers to transfer ink to the page. The printed page is a matrix of tiny dots. Unit 3

download: Using the network to transfer files from one computer to another. Unit 9

drag: To move the mouse while holding the mouse button down. Used for moving objects, selecting text, drawing, and other tasks. Unit 3

drag-and-drop: Editing feature that allows the user to move selected text or an object by dragging it (with the mouse) from one part of the screen to another. Unit 5

drawing software: Stores a picture as a collection of lines and shapes. Also stores shapes as shape formulas and text as text. Unit 7

drill-and-practice software: Teaching software based on the principles of individualized rate, small steps, and positive feedback. Unit 15

DSS (decision support system): A computer system that supports managers in decision-making tasks. Unit 14

DTP (desktop publishing): Small, affordable, easy-to-use computer tools that accomplish the bulk of the production process for producing publications. The system usually includes a computer with graphical user interface, desktop publishing software, and a high-resolution printer. Unit 5

DVD-ROM: An optical disk with read-only that is the same size of a CD-ROM but that holds much more information. Unit 3

Echo Cancellation: The process of eliminating the acoustic echo in a videoconferencing room.

educational simulation: Allows students to explore artificial environments that are imaginary or based on reality. Most have the look and feel of a game, but they challenge students to learn through exploration, experimentation, and interaction with other students. Unit 15

edutainment: Programs geared towards home markets that combine education and entertainment. Unit 15

electronic commerce (e-commerce): Buying and selling products through a computer network. Unit 9, 14

electronic cottage: A home in which modern technology allows a person to work at home. Unit 14

electronic mail (email): Allows Internet users to send mail messages, data files, and software programs to other Internet users and to users of most commercial networks and on-line services. Unit 9

electronic sweatshop: An office where each worker has a single job; computer monitoring is a common practice; wages are low; work conditions are poor; most of the work is mindless keyboarding; and repetitive stress injuries are common. Unit 14

electronic organizer: A specialized database program that automates an address/phone book, an appointment calendar, a to-do list, and miscellaneous notes. Unit 8

embedded computer: Computer that is embedded into a consumer product, such as a wristwatch or game machine, to enhance those products. Also used to control hardware devices. Unit 1

emulation: A process that allows programs to run on a non-compatible operating system. Unit 4

encryption: Protects transmitted information by scrambling the transmissions. When a user encrypts a message by applying a secret numerical code (encryption key), the message can be transmitted or stored as an indecipherable garble of characters. The message can be read only after it's been reconstructed with a matching key. Unit 11

equation solver: Allows the user to define an equation and enter the target value, and then the computer determines the necessary data values. Unit 6

ergonomics: The science of designing work environments that allow people and things to interact efficiently and safely. Unit 3

error message: Messages from the operating system that let the user know an error has occurred. Unit 4

expert system: A software program designed to replicate the decision-making process of a human expert. Unit 13

expert system shell: A generic expert system containing human interfaces and inference engines intended to simplify the process of designing an expert system. Unit 13

export data: Transmitting records and fields from a database program to another program. Unit 8

extranet: A private TCP/IP network designed for outside use by customers, clients, and business partners of an organization. These networks are typically for electronic commerce. Unit 10; 14

facsimile (fax): A technology that allows images of paper documents to be transmitted through telephone lines to a destination where they can be printed or displayed on a computer screen. Unit 9

FAQ (frequently asked question): A list of Frequently Asked Questions is posted for many newsgroups and mailing lists. The FAQs keep the groups from being cluttered with the same old questions and answers, if members take advantage of them. Unit 10

fax modem: Allows a computer to send on-screen documents to a receiving fax machine by translating the document into signals that can be sent over phone wires and decoded by the receiving fax machine. Unit 9

feedback loop: In a computer simulation, the user and the computer responding to data from each other. Unit 6 fiber optic cable High-capacity cable that uses light waves to carry information at blinding speeds. Unit 9

Fiber Optic Cable: Glass fiber that is used for laser transmission of video, audio, and/or data.

field: Each discrete chunk of information in a record. Unit 8

file: An organized collection of related information stored in a computer-readable form. Unit 2; Unit 8

file manager: A database program that allows users to work with one file at a time. Unit 8

file server: In a LAN, a storehouse for software and data that are shared by several users. Unit 9

file transfer protocol (FTP): Some Internet sites house vast archives of shareware, public domain software, pictures, literary works, and other files. FTP allows users anywhere on the network to browse through these on-line libraries and transfer copies of files back to their home machines. Unit 10

find command: A command used to locate a particular word, string of characters, or formatting in a document. Unit 5

Firewall: Guards against unauthorized access to an internal network; keeps internal networks secure while allowing communication with the rest of the Internet. Unit Ii

firmmware: A program, usually for special-purpose computers, stored on a ROM chip so it cannot be altered. Unit 1 flash memory A type of erasable memory chip. Unit 16

floppy disk (diskette): A small, magnetically sensitive, flexible plastic wafer housed in a plastic case, used as a storage device. Unit 3

folder: A collection of files. Unit 4

font: A size and style of typeface. Unit 5

footer: Block of information that appears at the bottom of every page, displaying repetitive information such as an automarically calculated page number. Unit 5

formula: Step-by-step procedure for calculating a number on a spreadsheet. Unit 6

formula bar: In spreadsheet software, the long window above the worksheet where typing appears. Unit 6

four generations of computers: Designations for major changes in hardware. First-generation computers were built around vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers used transistors. Integrated circuits characterized third-generation computers. The invention of the microprocessor marked the beginning of fourth-generation computers. Unit 1

fourth-generation language (4GL): Languages have evolved through machine language, assembly language, high-level languages, and into 4GLs. 4GLs use English-like phrases and sentences to issue instructions, are nonprocedural, and increase productivity. Unit 12

frame: One still picture in a video or animated sequence. Unit 7

freenet: A local bulletin board system that sometimes offers inexpensive or free access to the Internet. Freenets are designed to provide community access to on-line forums, announcements, and services. Unit 10

Frequency: The space between waves in a signal. The amount of time between waves passing a stationary point.

frequently asked question (FAQ): A list of Frequently Asked Questions is posted for many newsgroups and mailing lists. The FAQs keep the groups from being cluttered with the same old questions and ansxvers, if members take advantage of them. Unit 10

FTP (file transfer protocol): Some Internet sites house vast archives of shareware, public domain software, pictures, literary works, and other files. FTP allows users anywhere on the network to browse through these on-line libraries and transfer copies of files back to their home machines. Unit 10

full-access dial-up connection: Allows a computer connected via modem and phone line to temporarily have full Internet access and an IP address. Unit 10

Full Motion Video: Signal which allows transmission of complete action taking place at the origination site.

Fully Interactive Video: (Two way interactive video) Two sites interact with audio and video as if they were co-located.

function: A predefined set of calculations, such as SUM and AVERAGE, in spreadsheet software. Unit 6

gateway: A computer connected to two networks that translates communication protocols and transfers information between the two. Unit 10

GB (gigabyte): Approximately 1000MB. Unit 2

geographical information system (GIS): Combines tables of data with demographic information and displays geographic and demographic data on maps. Unit 8

gigabyte (GB): Approximately 1000MB. Unit 2

GIGO: Garbage in, garbage out. Valid output requires valid input. Unit 6

GIS: (geographical information system): Combines tables of data with demographic information and displays geographic and demographic data on maps. Unit 8

grammar and style checker: Software that analyzes each word in context, checking for errors of context, common grammatical errors, and stylistic problems. Unit 5

graphical user interface (GUI): A user interface based on graphical displays. With a mouse, the user points to icons that represent files, folders, and disks. Documents are displayed in windows. The user selects commands from pull-down menus at the top of the screen. Unit 4

graphics tablet: A pressure-sensitive touch tablet used as a pointing device. The user presses on the tablet with a stylus. Unit 3

gray-scale graphics: Graphics that allow each pixel to appear as black, white, or one of several shades of gray. Unit 7

gray-scale monitor: Monitor that displays black, white, and shades of gray but no other colors. Unit 3

groupware: Software designed to be used by work groups rather than individuals. Unit 5

groupware: Programs designed to allow several networked users to work on the same documents at the same time. Unit 9; Unit 14

GUI (graphical user interface): A user interface based on graphical displays. With a mouse, the user points to icons that represent files, folders, and disks. Documents are displayed in windows. The user selects commands from pull-down menus at the top of the screen. Unit 4

Hacker: A software "wizard," or someone who practices unauthorized access to computer systems. Unit 11 hand-held (palmtop) computer A portable computer small enough to be tucked into a jacket pocket. Unit 1

hard copy: A paper copy, produced by a printer, of any information that can be displayed on the screen. Unit 3

hard disk: A rigid, magnetically sensitive disk that spins rapidly and continuously inside the computer chassis or in a separate box attached to the computer housing. Used as a storage device. Unit 3

hardware: Physical parts of the computer system. Unit 1

header: Block that appears at the top of every page, displaying repetitive information such as a Unit title. Unit 5

heuristic: A rule of thumb. Unit 13

high-level language: A programming language that falls somewhere between natural human languages and precise machine languages, developed to streamline and simplify the programming process. Unit 12

high-performance computer: Super-fast and super-powerful, the fastest and most powerful computers made. Unit 1

home page: The main entry page to a Web site. Unit 10\

Home Page: A document with an address (URL) on the world wide web maintained by a person or organization which contains pointers to other pieces of information.

Host: A network computer that can receive information from other computers.

host system: A computer that provides services to multiple users. Unit 9

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): An HTML document is a text file that includes codes that describe the format, layout, and logical structure of a hypermedia document. Most Web pages are created with HTML. Unit 10

human-centered system: A system designed to retain and enhance human skills rather than taking them away. Unit 14

hypermedia: The combination of text, numbers, graphics, animation, sound effects, music, and other media in hyperlinked documents. Unit 7; Unit 10

hypertext: An interactive cross-referenced system that allows textual information to be linked in nonsequential ways. A hypertext document contains links that lead quickly to other parts of the document or to related documents. Unit 7

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): An HTML document is a text file that includes codes that describe the format, layout, and logical structure of a hypermedia document. Most Web pages are created with HTML. Unit 10

Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML): The code used to create a home page and is used to access documents over the WWW.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): The protocol used to signify an Internet site is a WWW site, i.e. HTTP is a WWW address.

Hypertext: A document which has been marked up to allow a user to select words or pictures within the document, click on them, and connect to further information.

icon: In a gtaphical user interface, a picture that represents a file, folder, or disk. Unit 4

idea processor: A word processing feature that allows the user to organize ideas, drawing them as nodes on a chart with arrows connecting related ideas. Unit 5

image analysis: The process of identifying objects and shapes in a photograph, drawing, video, or other visual image. Unit 13

impact printer: Printer that forms images by physically striking pape~ ribbon, and print hammer together. Unit 3

import data: To move data into a program from another program or source. Unit 8

information: Anything that can be communicated. Some information has value, and some does nor. Unit 2

information economy: An economy based on information-related work. Unit 14

information infrastructure: The framework created by computers, networks, and software. Unit 16

information overload: The state of being bombarded with too much computer output; a hazard of the automated office. Unit 14

information superhighway: An information infrastructure intended to connect computers, telephones, televisions, and information appliances of all types; it will have strict standards to ensure information security and privacy; it will provide universal service and affordable access; and it will be largely paid for by businesses with government seed money for trial projects. Unit 1 0

information system: A collection of people, machines, data, and methods organized to accomplish specific functions and to solve specific problems. Programming is part of the larger process of designing, implementing, and managing an information system. Unit 12

information systems manager: Responsible for integrating all kinds of computers, from mainframes to PCs, into a single, seamless system in an automated office. Unit 14

inkjet printer: A nonimpact printer that sprays ink directly onto paper to produce printed text and graphic images. Unit 3

input: Information taken in by the computer. Unit 1

input device: Device for accepting input, such as a keyboard. Unit 2

inserting text: Adding text at any point in a document. Unit 5

insertion bar: Indicates your location in a document. Unit 5

integrated circuit: A chip containing hundreds, thousands, or even millions of transistors. Unit 1

integrated software: Software packages that include several applications designed to work well together. Unit 4

intellectual property: The results of intellectual activities in the arts, science, and industry. Unit 11

interactive fiction: Stories with primitive natural-language interfaces that gave players some control over plot. Unit iS

interactive movie: Animated features in which one or more of the characters are controlled by the viewers. Unit iS

interactive multimedia: Multimedia that allows the user to take an active part in the experience. Unit 7

interactive processing: Interacting with data through terminals, viewing and changing values on line in real rime. Unit 8

Internet (Net): A global interconnected network of thousands of networks linking academic, research, government, and commercial institutions, and other organizations and individuals. Unit 1; Unit 10

Internet: An international network of networks primarily used to connect education and research networks begun by the United States government. Internet Protocol (IP): The international standard for addressing and sending data via the Internet.

Internet service provider (ISP): A service offering several connection options to the Internet at different prices. Unit 10

Internet2: An alternative Internet that provides faster network communications for universities and research institutions. Unit 10

internetworking: Connecting different types of networks and computer systems. Unit 10

interpreter: A program that translates and transmits each programming statement individually. Unit 12

intranet: A self-contained intraorganizational network that is designed using the same technology as the Internet. Unit 1; Unit 10; Unit 14

Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS): Microwave-based, high-frequency television used in educational program delivery.

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN): A telecommunications standard allowing communications channels to carry voice, video, and data simultaneously.

Interactive Media: Frequency assignment that allows for a two-way interaction or exchange of information.

ISP (Internet service provider) A service offering several connection options to the Internet at different prices. Unit 10

 

JavaScript: A simpler variant of Java. Unit 12

joystick: A gearshift-like device used as a controller for arcade-style computer games. Unit 3

justification: The alignment of text on a line: left justification (smooth left margin and ragged right margin), right justification, full justification (both margins are smooth), and centered justification. Unit 5

Kb (kilobyte): About 1000 bytes of information (actually it is 2 to the tenth power = 1024 bytes). Unit 2

keyboard: Input device, similar to a typewriter keyboard, for entering data and commands into the computer. Unit 3

key field: A field that contains data that uniquely identifies the record. Unit 8

kilobyte (K): About 1000 bytes of information. Unit 2

knowledge base: A database that contains facts and a system of rules for determining and changing the relationship between those facts. Unit 13

Label: In a spreadsheet, a text entry that provides information on what a column or row represents. Unit 6

LAN (local area network): A network in which the computers are close to each othei usually in the same building. Typically includes a collection of computers and peripherals; each computer and shared peripheral is an individual node on the network. Unit 9

laptop computer: A flat-screen, battery-powered portable computer that you can rest on your lap. Unit 1

laser printer: A nonimpact printer that uses a laser beam to create patterns of electrical charges on a rotating drum. The charged patterns attract black toner and transfer it to paper as the drum rotates. Unit 3

LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor: A flat-panel display monitor typically used for portable computers. Unit 3

Listserv: An e-mail program that allows multiple computer users to connect onto a single system, creating an on-line discussion.

line chart: A chart that shows trends or relationships over time, or a relative distribution of one variable through another. Unit 6

line printer: An impact printer used by mainframes to produce massive printouts. They print characters only, nor graphics. Unit 3

liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor: A flat-panel display monitor typically used for portable computers. Unit 3

local area network (LAN): A network in which the computers are close to each othei; usually in the same building. Typically includes a collection of computers and peripherals; each computer and shared peripheral is an individual node on the network. Unit 9

Local Area Network (LAN): Two or more local computers that are physically connected.

logic bomb: A program designed to attack in response to a particular logical event or sequence of events. A type of software sabotage. Unit ii

logic error: An error in the logical structure of a program that causes differences between what you want the program to do and what it actually does. Unit 12

log-in name: A one-word name that you choose to identify yourself when logging on to get email. Unit 9

Macintosh operating system (Mac OS): The first operating system with a graphical user interface, introduced in 1984 with the Apple Macintosh computer. Unit 4

Macro: Custom-designed procedures that you can add to an existing menu of options. Unit 6

macro (scripting) language: A user-oriented language that allows users to create programs (macros) that automate repetirive tasks. Unit 12

magnetic disk: Storage medium with random-access capability, accessed by the computer's disk drive. Unit 3

machine language: The language that computers use to process instructions. Machine language uses numeric codes to represent basic computer operations. Unit 4

machine language: The native language of a computer. Machine language is binary, but the programs are usually displayed with the binary numbers translated into decimal, hexadecimal, or some other number system. Unit 12

machine learning: In a game-playing program, if a move pays off, the program is more likely to repeat that move in the future. Unit 13

magnetic-ink character reader: Reads numbers printed with magnetic ink on checks. Unit 3

magnetic tape: A storage medium used with a tape drive to store large amounts of information in a small space at relatively low cost. Unit 3

magneto-optical (MO) disks: A type of removable media that uses a combination of magnetic disk technology and optical disk technology. Unit 3

mailing list: Allows you to participate in email discussion groups on special-interest topics. A list can be small and local or large and global. Each group has a mailing address that looks like any Internet address. When you send a message to a mailing list address, every subscriber receives a copy, and you receive a copy of every mail message sent by everyone else to the list address. Unit 10

mail merge: Produces personalized form letters. When used with a database containing a list of names and addresses, a word processor can quickly generate individually addressed letters and mailing labels. Unit 5; Unit 8

mainframe computer: Expensive, room-sized computer, used mostly for large computing jobs. Unit 1

management information systems (MIS): Systems that provide timely, reliable, and useful information to managers in business, industry, and government. MIS specialists apply the theoretical concepts of computer science to real-world, practical business problems. Unit 12; Unit 14

master pages: In desktop publishing, the pages that control the general layout of the document. Unit 5

mathematics processing software: Software designed to deal with complex equations and calculations. A mathematics processor allows the user to easily create, manipulate, and solve equations. Unit 6 

MB (megabyte): Approximately 1000K, or 1 million bytes. Unit 2

Megabyte: (MB): Approximately 1000K, or I million bytes. Unit 2

memory: Stores programs and the data they need to be instantly accessible to the CPU. Unit 2

menu: An on-screen list of command choices. Unit 4

menu bar: Part of the user interface. A bar across the top of the screen that contains menus of choices. Unit 4

menu-driven interface: User interface that allows user to choose commands from on-screen lists called menus. Unit 4

microcomputer: Small computer made possible by the microprocessor. Now known as a personal computer. Unit 1

microcomputer revolution: Period that began in the midl⁹70s when several companies introduced small microcomputers that were as powerful as their larger predecessors. Unit 1

Microprocessor: Critical components of a complete computer, housed on a silicon chip. Unit 1

Microsoft Windows: An operating system with a graphical user interface. Unit 4

Microtechnology: Technology that allows the development of micromachines, machines on the scale of a millionth of a meter. Unit 1 6

Microwave: Electromagnetic waves that travel in a straight line and are used to and from satellites and for short distances (i.e., up to 30 miles).

MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface: A standard interface that allows electronic instruments and computers to communicate with each other and work together. Unit 7

MIPS (millions of instructions per second): A measurement of computer speed. Unit 16

MIS (management information systems) Systems that provide timely, reliable, and useful information to managers in business, indtisrry, and government. MIS specialists apply the theoretical concepts of computer science to real-world, practical business problems. Unit 12; Unit 14

MO (magneto-optical) disks: A type of removable media that uses a combination of magnetic disk technology and optical disk technology. Unit 3

Modeling: The use of computers to create abstract models of objects, organisms, organizations, and processes. Unit 6

modem (modulator - demodulator): A hardware device that connects a computer's serial port to a telephone line. Unit 9

Modem: A piece of equipment to allow computers to interact with each other via telephone lines by converting digital signals to analog for transmission along analog lines.

module (subprogram): In structured programming, a program is built from smaller programs called modules. Unit 12

monitor: Output device that displays text and graphics and receives messages from the computer. Unit 3

monochrome monitor: Monitor that displays two colors, usually black and white. Unit 3

morph: Video clip in which one image meramorphoses into another. Unit 7

Mosaic: An example of browser software that allows WWW use.

mouse: A hand-held input device that, when moved around on a desktop or table, moves a pointer around the computer screen. Unit 3

moving text: Transporting a block of text from one part of a document to another, or from one document to another. Unit 5

MS-DOS Microsoft Disk Operating System: The most widely used general-purpose operating system. MS-DOS has a character-based user interface. Unit 4

Multimedia: Using some combination of text, graphics, animation, video, music, voice, and sound effects to communicate. Unit 7

Multimedia: Any document which uses multiple forms of communication, such as text, audio, and/or video.

multimedia authoring software: Enables the creation and editing of multimedia documents. Unit 7

Multi-Point Control Unit (MCU): Computerized switching system which allows point-to-multipoint videoconferencing.

multitasking: Concurrent processing for personal computers. The user can issue a command that initiates a process and continue working with other applications while the computer follows through on the command. Unit

Nanotechnology: The manufacture of machines on a scale of a few billionths of a meter. Unit 16

narrowcasting: Provides custom newscasts aimed at narrow groups or individuals. Unit 15

natural language: Languages that people speak and write every day. Unit 4

navigating: Moving to different parts of a document. Unit 5

NC (network computer): Stripped-down computer designed to function mainly as a network terminal. Costs less than a PC and is easier to maintain. Unit 1

Net (Internet): A global interconnected network of thousands of networks linking academic, research, government, and commercial institutions, and other organizations and individuals. Unit 1; Unit 10

netiquette: Rules of etiquette that apply to Internet communication. Unit 10

Netscape: An example of browser software that allows you to design a home page and to browse links on the WWW.

network: A computer system that links two or more computers. Unit 9

network: A series of points connected by communication channels in different locations.

network computer (NC): Stripped-down computer designed to function mainly as a network terminal. Costs less than a PC and is easier to maintain. Unit 1

network interface card (NIC): Card that adds an additional serial port to a computer. The port is especially designed for a direct network connection. Unit 9

network license: License for multiple copies or removing restrictions on software copying and use at a network site. Unit 9

network operating system (NOS): Communication software for a local area network. Unit 9

network revolution: The emergence of networks (clusters of computers linked together for communication and to share resources) and the beginning of the era of interpersonal computing. Unit 1

neural network (neural net): Distributed, parallel computing systems inspired by the structure of the human brain. Unit 13

newsgroup: Ongoing teleconferences and public discussion groups on about every imaginable topic. You can check into and our of them whenever you want. All messages are posted on virtual bulletin boards for anyone to read. Newsgroups are organized hierarchically. Unit 10

news reader: A client program that allows you to read news-groups. Both text-based and graphical news readers are available. Unit 10

NIC (network interface card): Card that adds an additional serial port to a computer. The port is especially designed for a direct network connection. Unit 9

node: Each computer and shared peripheral on a local area network. Unit 9

nonimpact printer: A printer that produces characters withour physically striking the page. Unit 3

nonvolatile memory: Memory for permanent storage of information. Unit 2

NOS (network operating system): Communication software for a local area network. Unit 9

notebook computer: Another term for laptop computer. Unit 1

object-oriented database: Instead of storing records in tables and hierarchies, object-oriented databases store software objects that contain procedures (or instructions) along with data. Unit 8 

object-oriented (vector) graphics: The storage of pictures as collections of lines, shapes, and other objects. Unit 7

object-oriented programming (OOP): In OOP, a program is not a collection of step-by step instructions or procedures; it's a collection of objects. Objects contain both data and instructions and can send and receive messages. Unit 12

OCR (optical character recognition): Using a wand reader to recognize words and numbers at a POS terminal. Unit 3; Unit 13

office suite (application suite): Software bundle containing several application programs that are also sold as separate programs. Unit 4

on-line: Connected to the computer system and ready to communicate. Unit 9

on-line: Active and prepared for operation. Also suggests access to a computer network.

on-line database: A commercial, public, or private database that can be accessed through telecommunication lines. Unit 9

on-line information service: A service that allows hundreds of users at a time to send and receive information. America Online is an example. Unit 9

OOP (object-oriented programming): In OOP, a program is not a collection of step-by step instructions or procedures; it's a collection of objects. Objects contain both data and instructions and can send and receive messages. Unit 12

opening a file: Loading a file into the application. Unit 4

open standards: Standards not owned by any company. Unit 10

operating system (OS): A system of programs that perform a variety of technical operations, providing an additional layer of insulation between the user and the bits-and-bytes world of computer hardware. Unit 4

optical character recognition (OCR): Identifying printed characters embedded in images. Unit 3; Unit 13

optical computer: A computer that transmits information in light waves rather than electrical pulses. Unit 16

optical disk: A high-capacity, highly reliable storage medium. Unit 3

optical disk drive: Uses laser beams to read and write bits of information on the surface of an optical disk. Unit 3

optical-mark reader: A reading device that uses reflected light to determine the location of pencil marks on standardized test answer sheets and similar forms. Unit 3

origination site: The location from which a teleconference originates.

OS (operating system): A system of programs that perform a variety of technical operations, providing an additional layer of insulation between the user and the bits-and-bytes world of computer hardware. Unit 4

Outlining: Arranging information into hierarchies or levels of ideas. Unit 5

Output: Information given out by the computer: Unit 1 output device Device for sending information from the computer, such as a monitor or printer. Unit 2

 

page-description language: A language used by many drawing programs that describes text fonts, illustrations, and other elements of the printed page. Unit 7

page-layout software: In desktop publishing, used to combine various source documents into a coherent, visually appealing publication. Unit 5

painting software: Allows you to paint pixels on the screen with a pointing device. Unit 7

palette: A collection of colors that are available in drawing software. Unit 7

palmtop (hand-held) computer: A portable computer small enough to be tucked into a jacket pocket. Unit 1

paperless office: An office of the future in which magnetic and optical archives will replace reference books and file cabinets, electronic communication will replace letters and memos, and digital publications provided through the Internet and online services will replace newspapers and other periodicals. Unit 14

paradigm shift: A change in thinking that results in a new way of seeing the world. Unit 14

parallel processing: Using multiple processors to divide jobs into pieces and work simultaneously on the pieces. Unit 2

parsing program (parser): In translation, a program that analyzes sentence structure and identifies each word according to its part of speech. Another program looks up each word in a translation dictionary and substitutes the appropriate word. Unit 13

password: A string of letters and numbers known only by you and the computer so that the computer can verify your identity. Unit 9

pattern recognition: Identifying recurring patterns in input data with the goal of understanding or categorizing that input. Unit 13

PC (personal computer): A small, powerful, relatively low-cost microcomputer. Unit 1

PC card: A credit-card-sized card that can be inserted into a slot to expand memory or add a peripheral to a computer; commonly used in portable computers. Unit 2

PDA (personal digital assistant): A portable computer designed for communication instead of computing, combining a cellular phone, a fax modem, and other communication equipment in a small, wireless box. Unit 1; Unit 9

peer-to-peer model: A LAN model that allows every computer on the network to be both client and server. Unit 9

pen-based computer: A keyboardless machine that accepts input from a stylus applied directly to a flat-panel screen. Unit 3

peripheral: Input, output, and secondary storage devices. Unit 2

personal computer (PC): A small, powerful, relatively low-cost microcomputer. Unit 1

personal digital assistant (PDA): A portable computer designed for communication instead of computing, combining a cellular phone, a fax modem, and other communication equipment in a small, wireless box. Unit 1; Unit 9

personal information manager (PIM): A specialized database program that automates an address/phone book, an appointment calendar, a to-do list, and miscellaneous notes. Unit 8

pie chart: A round pie-shaped chart with "slices" that show the relative proportions of the parts to a whole. Unit 6

PIM (personal information manager): A specialized database program that automates an address/phone book, an appointment calendar, a to-do list, and miscellaneous notes. Unit 8

Pixel: A picture element (dot) on a computer screen or printour. Groups of pixels compose the images on the monitor and the output of a printout. Unit 3; Unit 7

Platform: The combination of hardware and operating system software upon which application software is built. Unit 4

plotter: An automated drawing tool that produces finely scaled drawings by moving pen and/or paper in response to computer commands. Unit 3

point-of-sale (POS) terminal: A terminal with a wand reader attached, located in a store. The terminal sends information scanned by the wand to a mainframe computer. Unit 3

POS (point-of-sale): terminal A terminal with a wand reader attached, located in a store. The terminal sends information scanned by the wand to a mainframe computer. Unit 3

 

point size: Measurement of characters, with one point equal to 1/72 inch. Unit 5

Point of Presence (POP): Point of connection between an interexchange carrier and a local carrier to pass communications into the network.

Point-to-Point: Transmission between two locations.

Point-to-Multipoint: Transmission between multiple locations using a bridge.

port: Socket that allows information to pass in and out. Unit 2; Unit 9

PostScript: A standard page-description language. Unit 7

portable computer: Small computers such as laptops and notebooks that are intended to be used anywhere. Unit 1

PPP: A software package which allows a user to have a direct connection to the Internet over a telephone line.

presentation software: Software for creating and displaying a series of on-screen slides to serve as visual aids for presentations. Unit 7

presentation graphics software: Automates the creation of visual aids for lectures, training sessions, and other presentarions. Can include everything from spreadsheet charting programs to animation editing software, but most commonly used query language A special language for performing queries, more precise than the English language. Unit 8

printer: Output device that produces a paper copy of any information that can be displayed on the screen. Unit 3

processor: Part of the computer that processes information, performs arithmetic calculations, and makes basic decisions based on information values. Unit 2

program: Instructions that tell the hardware what to do to transform input into output. Unit 1

programming: A specialized form of problem solving. The process includes defining the problem; devising, refining, and testing the algorithm; writing the program; and testing and debugging the program. Unit 12

program verification: Techniques that prove the correctness of programs. Unit 12

project management software: Coordinates, schedules, and tracks complex work projects. Unit 14

prompt: Part of the user interface, characters (such as that prompt the user to enter information. Unit 4

proportionally spaced font: Fonts that allow more room for wide characters like W than for narrow characters like I. Unit 5

protocol: A set of rules for the exchange of data between a terminal and a computer or between two computers. Unit 9

Protocol: A formal set of standards, rules, or formats for exchanging data that assures uniformity between computers and applications.

prototype: A limited working system or subsystem which is created to give an idea of how the complete system will work. Unit 12

pseudocode: A cross between a computer language and plain English used for writing algorithms. Unit 12

public domain software: Free software that is not copyrighted, offered through World Wide Web sites, electronic bulletin boards, user groups, and other sources. Unit 4

pull-down menu: In a graphical user interface, a menu located at the top of the screen and accessed with a mouse or with keyboard shortcuts. Unit 4

pull technology: Browsers on client computers pull information from server machines. The browser needs to initiate a request before any information is delivered. Unit 10

push technology: Information delivered automatically to a desktop computer. You subscribe to a service and specify the kinds of information you want to receive. Information is pushed to the subscriber through channels. Contrast with pull technology. Unit 10

 

 

query: An information request. Unit 8

 

RAM (random access memory): Memory that stores program instructions and data temporarily. Unit 2

random access: Storage method that allows information retrieval without regard to the order in which it was recorded. Unit 3

random access memory (RAM): Memory that stores program instructions and data temporarily. Unit 2

Range: A rectangular block of cells. Unit 6 raster (bit-mapped) graphics Painting programs create raster graphics that are, to the computer, simple maps showing how the pixels on the screen should be represented. Unit 7

read-only memory (ROM): Memory that includes permanent information only. The computer can only read information from it; it can never write any new information on it. Unit 2

real time: When a computer performs tasks immediately. Unit 8

real-time communication: Internet communication that allows you to communicate with other users who are logged on at the same time. Unit 10

real-rime teleconference: An on-line meeting between two or more people in which participants sit at a computer or terminal, watching messages appear on the screen as they're typed by other participants, and typing comments for others to see immediately. Unit 9

record: In a database, the information relating to one person, product, or event. Unit 8

record matching: Compiling profiles by combining information from different database files by looking for a shared unique field. Unit 8

reduced instruction set computer (RISC): Processor designed to omit instructions that are seldom used, for the purpose of increasing speed. Unit 2

regional work center: Allows workers to commute to smaller offices closer to their homes. Unit 14

relational database: A program that allows files to be related to each other so that changes in one file are reflected in other files automatically. Unit 8

remote login: Allows users on one system to access other host systems across the network. Unit 10

removable media: High-capacity transportable storage devices. Unit 3

repetitive-stress injuries: Injuries, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, caused by repeating the same movements over long periods of time. Unit 3

replication: Automatic replication of values, labels, and formulas is a feature of spreadsheet software. Unit 6

report: A database printout that is an ordered list of selected records and fields in an easy-to-read form. Unit 8

resolution: Density of pixels, measure by the number of dots per inch. Unit 3; Unit 7

right to privacy: Freedom from interference into the private sphere of a person's affairs. Unit 8 

RISC (reduced instruction set computer): Processor designed to omit instructions that are seldom used, for the purpose of increasing speed. Unit 2

robot: A computer-controlled machine designed to perform specific manual tasks. Unit 13

ROM (read-only memory): Memory that includes permanent information only. The computer can only read information

ROM cartridge: A removable permanent storage device often used by home video game machines. Unit 2

rows: Along with a columns, makes up the grid of a spreadsheet. Unit 6

sans-serif font: Fonts without fine lines at the ends of the main strokes of each character. Unit 5

satellite office: Allows workers to commute to smaller offices closer to their homes. Unit 14

Satellite TV: Video and audio signals are relayed via a communication device that orbits around the earth.

saving a document: Making a disk file of your work for later retrieval. Unit 5

scanner: An input device that makes a digital representation of any printed image. Unit 3

scatter chart: Discovers a relationship between two variables. Unit 6

scientific visualization software: Uses shape, location in space, color, brightness, and motion to help us understand relationships that are invisible to us, providing graphical representation of numerical data. Unit 6

scripting (macro) language: A user-oriented language that allows users to create programs (macros) that automate repetitive tasks. Unit 12

scrolling: The movement of lines on and off the screen as you move through a document. Unit 5

search: Looking for a specific record. Unit 8 search and replace Finding selected words or phrases throughout a document and replacing them with a different word or phrase. Unit 5

search tool: Directories and search engines that help you find specific information on the Web. Unit 10

select (records): Looking for all records that match a set of criteria. Unit 8

selecting text: Highlighting text, usually by dragging the cursor across it. Unit 5

self-maintaining system: A system that can diagnose and correct common problems without human intervention. Unit 16

semantics: The underlying meaning of words and phrases. Unit 13

sensing device: Monitors temperature, humidity, pressure, and other physical quantities to provide data used in robotics, environmental climate control, and other applications. Unit 3

sensor: Allows digital devices to monitor the analog world.Unit 16

sequencing software: Software that allows a computer to be used as a tool for musical composition, recording, and editing. Unit 7

sequential access: Storage method that requires the user to retrieve information by zipping through it in the order in which it was recorded. Unit 3

Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP): Allows a user to connect to the Internet directly over a high speed modem.

serif font: Fonts embellished with fine lines at the ends of the main strokes of each character. Unit 5

Server: A computer with a special service function on a network, generally receiving and connecting incoming information traffic.

server: A computer especially designed to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network. Unit 1

server: In a local area network under the client/server model, a high-speed, high-capacity computer containing data and other resources to be shared with client computers. Unit 9

service bureau: A business used by desktop publishers to provide camera-read pages. Unit 5

set-top box: A special-purpose computer designed to provide Internet access and other services using a standard television set and (usually) a cable TV connection. Unit 1

shareware: Software that is free for the trying, with a send-payment-if-you-keep-it honor system. Unit 4

shell: A program that puts a graphical face on MS-DOS. Unit 4

silicon chip: Hundreds of transistors packed into an integrated circuit on a piece of silicon. Unit 1

simulation: Creating a computer model of a real-life situation. Unit 6

site license: License for multiple copies or removing restrictions on software copying and use at a network site. Unit 9

slot: Area in the computer's housing for inserting special-purpose circuit boards. Unit 2

Slow Scan Converter: Transmitter/receiver of still video over narrow band channels. In real time, camera subjects must remain still for highest resolution.

smart card: Looks like a standard credit card but uses an embedded microprocessor and memory instead of a magnetic strip. Unit 15

smart weapon: Missiles that use computerized guidance systems to locate their targets. Unit 11

software: Instructions that tell the hardware what to do to transform input into output. Unit 1

software engineering: Attempts to apply engineering principles and techniques to the world of computer software. Unit 12

software license: An agreement allowing the use of a software program on a single machine. Unit 4

software piracy: The illegal duplication of copyrighted software. Unit 11

sort: Arranging records in alphabetic or numeric order based on values in one or more fields. Unit 8

source document: In desktop publishing, the articles, Units, drawings, maps, charts, and photographs that are to appear in the publication. Usually produced with standard word processors and graphics programs. Unit 5

spam: Internet junk mail. Unit 10

special-purpose (dedicated) computer: A computer that performs a specific task, such as controlling temperature and humidity in an office building. Unit 1

speech synthesis: Software that produces synthetic speech. Unit 13

spelling checker: A built-in component of word processors that compares words in a document with words in a disk-based dictionary and flags words not found in the dictionary. Unit 5

spoofing: A process used to steal passwords. A spoofer launches a program that mimics a mainframe computer's login

spreadsheet software: Allows the user to control numbers, manipulating them in various ways. The software can manage budgeting, investment management, business projections, grade books, scientific simulations, checkbooks, financial planning and speculation, and other tasks involving numbers. Unit 6

SQL: A query language available for many different database management systems. More than a query language, SQL also accesses databases from a wide variety of vendors. Unit 8 stack chart Stacks bars to show how proportions of a whole change over time. Unit 6

statistical analysis software: Specialized software that tests the strength of data relationships, produces graphs showing how two or more variables relate to each other, uncovers trends, and performs other statistical analyses. Unit 6

stepwise refinement: Breaking programming problems into smaller problems, and breaking each smaller problem into a subproblem that can be subdivided in the same way. Unit 12

storage device: Long-term repositories for data. Disks and tape drives are examples. Unit 2

structured programming: A technique to make programming easier and more productive. Structured programs are built from smaller programs, called modules or subprograms, that are in turn made of even small modules. Unit 12

style sheet: Custom styles for each of the common elements in a document. Unit 5

subnotebook computer: A portable computer, smaller than a notebook or laptop, about the size of a hardbound book. Unit 1

subprogram (module): In structured programming, a program is built from smaller programs called subprograms. Unit 12

supercomputer: Super-fast and super-powerful, the fastest and most powerful computers made. Unit 1

Synchronous: Communication in which interaction between participants is simultaneous.

syntax: A set of rules for constructing sentences from words. Every language has a syntax. Unit 13

syntax error: Violation of the "grammar rules" of a programming language. Unit 12

synthesized sound: Synthetically generated computer sounds. Unit 7

synthetic speech: Speech generated by computers by converting text into phonetic sounds. Unit 13

system life cycle: A sequence of steps or phases that an information system passes through between the time the system is conceived and the time it is phased out. Unit 12

systems analyst: The computer professional primarily responsible for developing and managing an information system. Unit 12

system software: Software that handles the details of computing. Includes the operating system and utility programs. Unit 4

T-1 (DS-1): High speed digital data channel that is a high volume carrier of voice and/or data. Often used for compressed video teleconferencing. T-1 has 24 voice channels.

T-3 (DS-3): A digital channel which communicates at a significantly faster rate than T-1.

tape drive: Storage device that uses magnetic tape to store information. Unit 3

tax preparation software: Provides a prefabricated worksheet where the user enters numbers into tax forms. Calculations are performed automatically, and the completed forms can be sent electronically to the IRS. Unit 6

TB (terabyte): Approximately 1 million megabytes. Unit 2

TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol: Protocols developed as an experiment in internetworking, now the "language" of the Internet, allowing cross-network communicarion for almost every type of computer and network. Unit 10

technophobia: The fear of technology. Unit 15

telecommunication: Long-distance electronic communication in a variety of forms. Unit 9

telecommuting: Home information workers, especially those who "commute" by modem. Unit 14

Telecommunication: The science of information transport using wire, radio, optical, or electromagnetic channels to transmit receive signals for voice or data communications using electrical means.

Teleconferencing: Two way electronic communication between two or more groups in separate locations via audio, video, and/or computer systems.

teleconference: An on-line meeting between two or more peopIe. Unit 9

telephony: Allows personal computers to serve as speaker-phones, answering machines, and complete voice mail systems. Unit 9

telnet: The protocol that makes remote login possible. Unit 10

template: In desktop publishing, professionally designed empty documents that can be adapted to specific user needs. Unit 5

template: In spreadsheet software, a worksheet that contains labels and formulas but no data values. The template produces instant answers when you fill in the blanks. Unit 6

terabyte (TB): Approximately 1 million megabytes. Unit 2

terminal: Combination keyboard and screen that transfers information to and from a mainframe computer. Unit 1

terminal program: Allows a personal computer to function as a character-based terminal, allowing the computer to work with a modem. Unit 9

testing: Testing an algorithm to check its logic. Unit 12 text editing Refining text and correcting errors. Unit 5

text formatting: Controlling the format and style of a document. Unit 5

thesaurus: A synonym finder included with a word processor. Unit 5

3-D modeling software: Allows the user to create three-dimensional objects. The objects can be rotated, stretched, and combined with other model objects to create complex 3-D scenes. Unit 7

timesharing: Technique by which mainframe computers communicate with several user simultaneously. Unit 1 top-down design A process that starts at the top, with main ideas, and works down to the details. Unit 12

touch pad: A small flat-panel pointing device that is sensitive to light pressure. The user moves the pointer by dragging a finger across the pad. Unit 3

touch screen: Pointing device that responds when the user points to or touches different screen regions. Unit 3

trackball: Pointing device that remains stationary while the user moves a protruding ball to control the pointer on the screen. Unit 3

track point: A small handle that sits in the center of the keyboard, responding to finger pressure by moving the mouse in the direction it's pushed. Unit 3

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): A protocol which makes sure that packets of data are shipped and received in the intended order.

Transponder: Satellite transmitter and receiver that receives and amplifies a signal prior to re-transmission to an earth station.

Trojan horse: A program that performs a useful task while at the same time carrying out some secret destructive act. A form of software sabotage. Unit 11

Turing test: A way to test machine intelligence. Unit 13

tutorial software: Provides direct instruction in a clearly specified skill or subject. Unit 15

typeface: A style of characters used for printing. Unit 5

Undo command: Taking back the last operation performed. Unit 5

Unicode: A 65,000-character set for making letters, digits, and special characters fit into the computer's binary circuitry. Unit 2

UNIX: An operating system that allows a timesharing computer to communicate with several other computers or terminals at once. UNIX is the most widely available multi-user operating system in use. UNIX is widely used on Internet hosts. Unit 10

upgrade: A new and improved version of a software program. Unit 4

upload: Posting software on a BBS or other area so that it's available for others. Unit 9

up-skilling: Increasing the skills required for a job when it is automated. Unit 14

URL (Uniform Resource Locator): The address of a Web site. Unit 10

user interface: The look and feel of the computing experience from a human point of view. Unit 4

utility program: Tools for doing system maintenance and some repairs that aren't automatically handled by the operating system. Unit 4

Uniform Resource Locator (URL): The address of a homepage on the WWW.

Uplink: The communication link from the transmitting earth station to the satellite.

vaccine (disinfectant): program A program designed to search for viruses, notify users when they're found, and remove them from infected disks or files. Unit 11

values: The numbers that are the raw material used by spreadsheet software to perform calculations. Unit 6

VDT (video display terminal): Output device that displays text and graphics and receives messages from the computer. Unit 3

vector (object-oriented) graphics: The storage of pictures as collections of lines, shapes, and other objects. Unit 7

vertical-market application: A computer application designed specifically for a particular business or industry. Unit 4

video digitizer: Converts analog video signals into digital data. Unit 7

video display terminal (VDT): Output device that displays text and graphics and receives messages from the computer. Unit 3

video teleconference: Allows people to communicate face to face over long distances by combining video and computer technology. Unit 9

Video Teleconferencing: A teleconference including two way video.

virtual reality: Creates the illusion that the user is immersed in a world that exists only inside the computer, an environment that contains both scenes and the controls to change those scenes. Unit 4; Unit 16

virus: Virus software spreads from program to program, or from disk to disk, and uses each infected program or disk to make more copies of itself. A form of software sabotage. Unit ii

visual programming: Allows programmers to create large portions of their programs by drawing pictures and pointing to on-screen objects, eliminating much of the coding of tradirional programming. Unit 12

voice mail: A messaging system with many of the features of an electronic mail system. Unit 9

volatile memory: Memory that stores information temporarily. Unit 2

WAN (wide area network): A network that extends over a long distance. Each network site is a node on the network. Unit 9

wand reader: A reading device that uses light to read alphabetic and numeric characters written in a specially designed typeface found on sales tags and credit card slips. Unit 3

Web authoring program: A WYSIWYG-like page layout program that allows you design a Web page, laying our text and graphics exactly the way you want them to look. The program then converts the layout into an HTML document. Unit 10

Web browser: A client program that allows you to explore the Web by clicking on hot links. Links are typically underlined and displayed in a different color than standard text on the page. Unit 10

Web page: A single document on the World Wide Web (W'1(TW), made up of text and images and inrerlinked with other documents. Unit 1; Unit 10

Web site: A collection of related Web pages stored on the same server. Unit 1; Unit 10

"What if?" question: A feature of spreadsheet software that allows speculation by providing instant answers to hypothetical questions. Unit 6

wide area network (WAN): A network that extends over a long distance. Each network site is a node on the network. Unit 9

window: In a graphical user interface, a framed area that can be opened, closed, and rearranged with the mouse. Documents are displayed in windows. Unit 4

wireless network: Network in which a node has a tiny radio or infrared transmitter connected to its network port so it can send and receive data through the air rather than through cables. Unit 9

word wrap: Automatically moving words that won't fit on the current line to the next line. Unit 5

worksheet: A spreadsheet document that appears on the screen as a grid of numbered rows and columns. Unit 6

workstation: A high-end desktop computer with massive computing power and which is less expensive than minicomputers. These are the most powerful of the desktop computers. Unit 1

World Wide Web (WV~TW, Web): Part of the Internet, a collection of multimedia documents created by organizations and users all over the world. Documents are linked in a hypertext Web that allows user to explore them with simple mouse clicks. Unit 1; Unit 10

World Wide Web (WWW): A graphical hypertext-based Internet tool that provides access to homepages created by individuals, businesses, and other organizations.

worm: Programs that use computer hosts to reproduce themselves. Worm programs travel independently over computer networks, seeking out uninfected workstations to occupy. A form of software sabotage. Unit 11

WYSIWYG: What you see is what you get. With a word processoi the arrangement of the words on the screen represents a close approximation to the arrangement of words on the printed page. Unit 5; Unit 7

XML Extended Markup Language: A language that will allow Web developers to control and display data the way they now control text and graphics. Forms, database queries, and other data-intensive operations that can’t be completely constructed with standard HTML will be much easier with XML. Unit 10

year 2000 problem (y2k): The problem of software programmed with two-digit date fields that cannot handle the year 2000. Such programs must be repaired or replaced. Unit 11

 Note

The following resources were reviewed in the preparation of this glossary:

Glossary: http://152.30.11.86/DEER/Houghton/Committees/distancelearn/GlossaryDistEd.html

Glossary of Terms. http://www.ctcnet.com/tips/ glossary.htm

Reed, J. (1996) Videoconferencing for learning glossary. http://www.kn.pacbell.com/wired/vidconf/glossary.html

The EdWeb Dictionary. http://k12.cnidr.org:90/dic.html